Qualitative Research Methods in Organisations

Subjective Research Methods in Organizations Give a defense to subjective research in associations Subjective research is a field of request in its own right. It crosscuts trains, fields and topics. An unpredictable, interconnected group of terms, ideas, and presumptions encompass the term subjective research. These incorporate the customs related with foundationalism, positivism, postfoundationalism, postpositivism, poststructuralism, and the numerous subjective research points of view, or potentially techniques associated with social and interpretive investigations. (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000:2) subjective scientists can get to intriguing information by watching commonplace settings or by finding ordinary highlights in remarkable settings. (Silverman, 2007:37) This article gives a defense to the utilization of subjective research techniques in associations. Previously, subjective research strategies have consistently been sidelined and quantitative research techniques have been favored for undertaking authoritative research. One reason for this is subjective research is constantly impacted by the analysts individual demeanor. As indicated by Creswell, Qualitative Research is a type of interpretive request wherein specialists make a translation of what they see, hear, and comprehend. Their translations can't be isolated from their own experiences, history, settings, and earlier understandings. (Creswell, 2009:176) Another explanation behind this is given by Silverman when he says that Policy creators and directors have been driven away from ethnographic research since it requires some investment to finish and seems to utilize unrepresentative examples. Despite the fact that a few ethnographers can deliver ground-breaking contentions about w hat can be perused from a solitary, very much investigated, case, others sloppy the waters by political posing and by proposing that they need no truck with regular logical norms. (Silverman, 2007:86) The draw of quantitative research for associations is that it will in general characterize its examination issues such that bodes well to experts and executives. (Silverman, 2007:86) All the more as of late numerous associations have begun perceiving the benefits of utilizing subjective research strategies to embrace explore in the association. Subjective research strategies empower an exhaustive examination of the investigated theme which is preposterous in quantitative research. Indeed, even inside subjective research, the scientist is furnished with a huge scope of choices and open doors for investigating various issues inside the zone of hierarchical research. What are the various strategies used to receive subjective research? The most usually known and most utilized technique for subjective research is ethnography which had its birthplaces in social human studies, with specific reference to the investigation of the way of life of social gatherings and social orders. The way of life of a social gathering is comprised of these perplexing systems of importance and the key undertaking of ethnography is to build up a translation and comprehension of culture. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008) Ethnography can be portrayed as a longitudinal research technique that is frequently connected with member perception, yet can likewise draw on other research approaches, for example, relevant and noteworthy investigation of optional information distributed by or on the gathering being examined. The ethnographic way to deal with building up an inside and out comprehension of people groups conduct makes it appropriate to considering associations. (Marshan-Piekkari and Welch, 2004) But It twists reality extensively to infer that ethno graphy is today the principle strategy for subjective research and that observational material is the primary information source. This is not really astonishing given the plenty of materials that welcome our consideration. These reach out past what we can see with our own eyes to what we can hear and see on accounts, what we can peruse in paper archives and electronically download on the web, to what we can infer by posing inquiries in interviews or by giving different upgrades to center gatherings. (Silverman, 2007:37) Grounded hypothesis look into, talk investigation, deconstruction, content examination, account strategy, activity explore (Humphreys, 2006), participatory enquiry, member perception (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000), autoethnography, meeting are only a couple of the present ways to deal with subjective information assortment and examination. Every one of these strategies are fittingly utilized in various types of hierarchical research. I will be taking a gander at autoethn ography, grounded hypothesis inquire about, basic talk examination and the story approach towards subjective research and will contemplate the utilization of these techniques in leading authoritative research. Autoethnography Ethnographers have begun undertaking the perception of investment where they think about and basically draw in with their own interest inside the ethnographic casing therefore bringing forth autoethnography. (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005:467) Karra and Philips have characterized autoethnography as, the age of hypothetically pertinent portrayals of a gathering to which one has a place dependent on an organized examination of ones encounters and the encounters of others from ones groupIt is an endeavor to deliver sense from ones experience of a gathering that can be set down in a book and imparted to intrigued others. It doesn't imply that the specialist concentrates just oneself, yet that the scientist is an insider who can draw upon individual experience, social capability, and semantic assets to casing and shape explore such that an outcast can't. (Karra and Phillips, 2008:547) Autoethnography has been proficiently utilized by Karra and Phillips, in their article about universal adminis tration scientists directing investigations in their own social setting. They state that, autoethnography gives a methodological edge to comprehension and dealing with their examination. Much more significantly, it acts to sharpen the analyst to the significance of cautiously dealing with the unpredictable elements of this type of multifaceted research including inquiries of authorial voice, job struggle, and force. (Karra and Phillips, 2008:543) Autoethnographic approaches have four significant qualities simple entry, diminished asset prerequisites, simplicity of setting up trust and affinity, and decreased issues with interpretation and yet present three significant difficulties absence of basic separation, job strife, and the constraints of good fortune. (Karra and Phillips, 2008:541) The qualities of this method of research are impressive and regardless of the considerable number of reactions this strategy for subjective research has gained it very well may be utilized effectively in hierarchical research where the need is to draw upon individual encounters. One of the employments of autoethnography is to permit another people universe of experience to motivate basic reflection all alone. (Ellis and Bochner, 1996:22) Experience is given a ton of significance in associations and autoethnography empowers the specialist and the association to utilize this involvement with a positive way and in a manner which can be valuable to the association and its representatives. Grounded Theory Grounded hypothesis, created by Glaser and Strauss, is a sort of hypothesis produced from the information gathered. The philosophy alludes to a style of leading subjective information investigation whose point is to find what sorts of ideas and speculations are applicable to the region one wishes to comprehend. Grounded hypothesis, consequently, gives new bits of knowledge into the comprehension of social procedures rising up out of the setting in which they happen, without constraining and altering the information to past hypothetical structures. (Cassell and Symon, 2004:242) Grounded hypothesis is a strategy that is more suitable for certain inquiries than others. It is generally fit to endeavors to comprehend the procedure by which on-screen characters build importance out of intersubjective experience. Grounded hypothesis ought to be utilized in a manner that is legitimately reliable with key suppositions about social reality and how the fact of the matter is known. It is less su itable to utilize grounded hypothesis when you try to make information guarantees about a goal reality, and progressively proper to do so when you need to make information asserts about how people decipher reality. (Suddaby, 2006:634) While the grounded hypothesis approach showed up when techniques talk was distinctly innovator, forty years of advancement reflect he paradigmatic majority of flow subjective research. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008) The utilization of grounded hypothesis in authoritative research has been picking up prevalence lately. This is on the grounds that hierarchical brain science has been set apart by a pattern of moving from an individualistic perspective towards a progressively aggregate view. Grounded hypothesis has been applied in examines concentrating on authoritative culture, hierarchical development, change and advancement, cooperation and friends endurance to give some examples. Grounded hypothesis produces portrayals of authoritative reality which evoke positive conversations around significant topics in the association among the representatives and, in this way, structure a reason for positive hierarchical improvement patterns. (Cassell and Symon, 2004) Basic Discourse Analysis As per Cunliffe, Discourse examination is a term covering various ways to deal with look into that break down language use. These methodologies go from an emphasis on language itself, to a more extensive assessment of the connection between language use, social activity and social hypothesis. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008:81) Discourse investigation gives a hypothetical and methodological system for investigating the social creation of hierarchical and interorganizational marvels. (Phillips, Sewell and Jaynes, 2008:1) As a system, basic talk examination takes into account the utilization of various types of strategies in explicit research ventures. In any case, this sort of research specifically requests the capacity to understand

Influence of Authentic Leadership and Empowerment †Free Samples

Question: Examine about the Influence of Authentic Leadership and Empowerment. Answer: Presentation: The administration experience during my clinical practice introduces itself in a structure like situational authority. Along these lines, in this paper, I plan to expound on situational initiative and how it identifies with the clinical position. As indicated by researchers, circumstance initiative involves connection between pioneers strong, mandate conduct and between the degrees of improvement of the supporters. In this methodology, steady conduct involves individual relationship that a pioneer has with their supporters. Pioneers keep up a relationship with their devotees through correspondence and passionate help. Notwithstanding that, the pioneers offer course to their subjects by expounding on the jobs of individuals. Then again, the advancement level of the individuals is a result of their preparation, encounters and their capability to play out the job that needs to be done. It is a pivotal angle that inspires devotees to continue with their obligation (Blumenthal et al., 2012, p.517). Since the type of initiative includes mandate conduct, supporters who are excited are bound to react to orders than those that are not energetic. Hence, it very well may be utilized in different associations, and all the more critically, among medical caretakers. It is the best authority that fits in my clinical position understanding, and one can discover proof to demonstrate the equivalent. Key highlights of Situational Leadership Guiding, it is suggested that this methodology can utilized when the subjects are less willing and have a low potential to finish a job needing to be done. It forces a pioneer to move in and expect a mandate job. Nonetheless, in coordinating the jobs, the pioneer should expound on the jobs of every part. Notwithstanding that, the pioneer has the duty to oversee how they are being done (Mosadeghrad, 2014, p.77). In addition, coordinating must possibly be appropriate when the issue is so genuine and may prompt uncommon impact whenever left unattended. Instructing is another element in this type of administration. It is utilized when the devotees are a lot of ready to continue with their duty however does not have the capacity. In spite of the fact that it additionally includes coordinating the adherents, the pioneer, for this situation, counsels devotees on proposals and thoughts. In addition, in instructing, correspondence is significant however in a two-way. It is additionally significant that adherents are appropriately regulated since they don't have the capacity and the confidence to play out the errand (Giltinane, 2013, p.37). Be that as it may, they should be commended and persuaded to assemble confidence. Finally, the pioneer needs to tune in and prompt his supporters while instructing to guarantee that they gain the vital abilities to play out the errand all alone, should it emerge again in future. Supporting is additionally a component of this model of initiative. It is relevant when supporters show a significant level of capacity to play out the job needing to be done however come up short on the ability to play out a similar assignment. Subsequently, the pioneers must attempt to discover the explanations for the supporters not ready to carry on the current obligation. The key activity here is to propel devotees by either adulating them or tuning in to them for whatever worries they may have (Grajales et al., 2014, p.14). In actuality, it will cause them to feel great to continue with the duty. In conclusion, is assigning. This methodology is reasonable when the devotee is willing and can play out the job that needs to be done. The motivation behind pioneers in this classification is to settle on choices and go about as a difficult solver. Another component is that supporters frequently convey back to the pioneers on the advancement of the undertaking or fulfillment (Hauck, Winsett, and Kuric, 2013, p.670). In conclusion, incidental acknowledgment is useful for this model. Highlights Conditions on adherents Assigning Willing and capable Coordinating Reluctant and unfit Instructing Willing yet incapable Supporting Reluctant yet capable Situational Leadership Features in the Clinical Placement There are different ways that these highlights come out plainly I would say during clinical situation. Right off the bat, is the component of appointing which comes out unmistakably by nurture Priscilla distributing obligations to all the attendants. This is a follow up on the presumption that the attendants are capable and ready to carry out the current responsibility (Krasikova, Green, LeBreton, 2013, p.1330). The pioneers at that point continue to do her business. This is a situational administration highlight where a pioneer and the adherents have the capacity and are eager to carry out the responsibility however just need a pioneer to designate obligations. Notwithstanding that, a steady element is shown by the pioneer, Nurse Priscilla, when she ensures acquainting herself with all attendants and check whether they have any issues in regards to prescription, repositioning the patient or checking any adjustments in the patient. This is a method of building a relationship that is significant where the attendants are reluctant to play out the job needing to be done (Laschinger, Smith, 2013, p.27). It is another occurrence that exhibits steady element as a component of situational administration. Additionally, the pioneer conveys to the medical caretakers that she is willing and prepared to offer help to them should they face any troubles in playing out the assignments apportioned to them. This is an element of coordinating obligations where Priscilla recognizes that medical caretakers might not have the capacity or ability to perform obligations yet need to take care of patients. In any case, she encourages them to report for any trouble that they may understanding. In conclusion, the pioneer, Nurse Priscilla offer assistance in perusing ABG report when called upon to offer her assistance. By showing how the report is perused, and listening acutely before tolerating to offer her help, she exhibits a part of training as both Mandy and I are happy to adapt yet can't do as such (Lynch, McCormack, McCance, 2011, p.26). Therefore, it is another way that the occurrence in my clinical position exhibits instructing highlight of situational initiative. Circumstances approach takes different suspicions with respect to the patient and expert. The methodology is the two individuals focused and in accordance with the standards of individual focused consideration. Notwithstanding, it doesn't have all the earmarks of being association focused. Individual focused consideration is one that grasps tuning in, thinking as a gathering, sharing ideas, training and looking for input. In situational initiative methodology, these are components that structure the precepts of this style. The pioneers and supporters hear each out other in attempting to take care of the difficult that exists. Notwithstanding that, the methodology likewise involves looking for criticism, particularly, from devotees to their pioneer. In conclusion, as a procedure of scattering abilities and information, it takes the presumption of the requirement for sharing thoughts as basic to this methodology (MacPhee et al., 2012, p.161). About the patient, the methodology looks to offer impartial access to social insurance present which is of high caliber. This is practiced by the pioneer trying to mediate whenever there is any difficult that troubles junior staffs. Situational authority on patients causes in tuning in to their emotions, exhibiting regard for them a nd giving some type of compassion which is an expert set of accepted rules among wellbeing professionals. Then again, situational style of initiative takes the supposition that it is the job of experts to keep up steady correspondence, to exhibit common joint effort and wellbeing advancement. Another supposition that the methodology takes is that an expert has a job to work in a group or coordinated effort (Martin et al., 2012, p.78). Moreover, it expect that expert should be focused on the wellbeing of patients and be responsive constantly. Individual focused standards can be grouped into two general classes, that is, the guideline of self-heading and the rule of commonality. To begin with the first, self-heading includes an individual being self-governance and self-duty. This is a significant quality that makes an individual feels worth of being a person (McCleskey, 2014, p.117). About the circumstance style of authority, it attempts to bring self-sufficiency by designating, coordinating and training unpracticed medical caretakers so they can create aptitudes of chipping away at their own as they progress with learning under management. Then again, commonality as an individual focused standard urges choices to be made in an open environment, where there are balance and agreement independent of status. These methodologies propose that it is the greater part or rather; the choice must be endorsed by a gathering instead of a solitary individual. Hence, the rule advocates for a procedure that will see a gathering meeting up to settle on choices where every supposition checks (Olsson et al., 2013, p.160). In situational initiative style, the pioneers can counsel their supporters in attempting to settle on a choice. Despite the fact that there are situations where the pioneer has supreme option to settle on a choice or make a stride, there are situations where the person in question needs to counsel devotees to agree. Therefore, this sort of administration adjusts well to the standard of patient-focused consideration. Situational administration on the act of value care There are numerous ways that the administration style adds to quality consideration. To begin with close to home responsibility, the style includes designations of obligations. In this way, every individual is responsible to their obligations. It forces human services proficient to be answerable for whatever task they are allotted. This in actuality help in advancing or rather guaranteeing that there is quality consideration among patients (Reuben, Tinetti, 2012, p.778). It is along these lines that the methodology satisfies the trial of being a methodology that advances responsibility. Notwithstanding that, circumstance administration guarantees quality consideration by collaboration. This type of administration includes a lea

The death of an innocent girl

The death of an innocent girl A touching poem about an innocent girl who was killed in an accident caused by a drunk driver. Please dont drink and drive.I went to a party, Mom, I remembered what you said. You told me not to drink, Mom, so I drank soda instead. I really felt proud inside, Mom, the way you said I would. I didnt drink and drive, Mom, even though the others said I should. I know I did the right thing, Mom, I know you were always right. Now the party is finally ending, Mom, as everyone is driving out of sight. As I got into my car, Mom, I knew Id get home in one piece. Because of the way you raised me, so responsible and sweet. I started to drive away, Mom, but as I pulled out into the road the other car didnt see me, Mom, and hit me like a load.As I lay there on the pavement, Mom, I hear the policeman say, the other guy is drunk, Mom, and now Im the one who will pay. Im lying here dying, Mom. I wish youd get here soon. How could this happen to me, Mom? My life just burst like a balloon. There is blo od all around me, Mom, and most of it is mine. I hear the medic say, Mom, Ill die in a short time.I just wanted to tell you, Mom, I swear I didnt drink. It was the others, Mom. The others didnt think. He was probably at the same party as I. The only difference is he drank and I will die.Why do people drink, Mom? It can ruin your whole life. Im feeling sharp pains now. Pains just like a knife. The guy who hit me is walking, Mom, and I dont think its fair. Im lying here dying and all he can do is stare.Tell my brother not to cry, Mom. Tell Daddy to be brave. And when I go to heaven, Mom, put Daddys Girl on my grave. Someone should have told him, Mom, not to drink and drive. If only they had told him, Mom, I would still be alive.My breath is getting shorter, Mom. Im becoming very scared. Please dont cry for me, Mom. When I needed you, you were always there. I have one last question, Mom, before I say good bye. I didnt drink and drive, so why am I the one to die?This is the end, mom, I wish I could look you in the eye, To say these final words, mom, I love you and goodbye.Author Unknown

Subway Restaurants And The Fast Food Restaurant Franchise...

KITCHEN KITCHEN LTD. Introduction of Company: Subway is and American fast food restaurant franchise. That primarily sells sandwiches and salads. Subway is owned and operated by Doctor’s Associates Inc. and doing business as Subway IP Inc. Subway is one of the fastest growing franchises in the world. Subway having 44818 restaurants in 112 countries and territories as of Aug 9, 2016.only the united states has 26880 stores. Subway is the largest single brand chain in the world. Subway international headquarters is located in Milford, Connecticut, U.S. founder of subway restaurant is Fred DeLuca and Peter Buck. Founded in Aug 28, 1965 in Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S. currently the president of subway is Suzanne Greco. Since 2007, subway has consistently ranked in Entrepreneur magazine’s top 500 franchises list. In which it ranked 2 in 2012. It also ranked 2 as â€Å"Fastest Growing Franchise† and â€Å"Global Franchise† list. Subway restaurants started in NZ in 1994 after seeing potential and opportunity within the fast food industry for great tasting, better food. New Zealand now boasts over 250 stores throughout the country, and Subway restaurants has become a very popular and well respected brand offering high quality product and great service and providing Kiwis with a freshly made, better choice. Subway restaurants continue to grow. Subway’s Mission statement is: â€Å"To provide the tools and the knowledge to allow entrepreneurs to successfullyShow MoreRelatedSubway Marketing Plan Essay example1404 Words   |  6 PagesSUBWAY MARKETING PLAN 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: SUBWAY (restaurants) is an American fast-food franchise owned by Doctor’s Associates, Inc. Subway was founded by Peter Buck and Fred Deluca, with its first restaurant being set up in Bridgeport, U.S in 1965. The franchise runs 38,813 restaurants in 99 countries. Today, the SUBWAY brand is the worlds largest submarine sandwich chain. The SUBWAY franchise provides variety of great testing and healthier foods and the third largest fast food chain. Read MoreWhy Franchise? Why Subway1666 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Franchise. Franchising has attracted some 34,000 people in the UK to invest in their future in self employment. Here are 15 reasons why franchises offer an attractive business opportunity. 1. Established brand value. Prior to launching a franchise, the franchisor has developed and established attractive and meaningful branding for the operation, and as the network of franchisees expands the national recognition of this brand grows. When a franchisee enters into a mature franchisee networkRead MoreSubway Case Analysis Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study #1 Ââ€" Subway Sandwich Shop Analysis Case Study One Ââ€" Subway Sandwich Shop Situation Analysis A situation analysis is an honest valuation of the opportunities and potential problems facing a prospective or existing company. Through analysis a deeper understanding of an industry, competitor and possible options can be examined. Subway Sandwich shops early history roots can be traced back to the summer of 1965, with a $1,000 investment a new venture was born. Fred DeLucaRead MoreFranchising Subway Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesFranchising Subway Franchising has attracted some 34,000 people in the UK to invest in their future in self employment. Here are 15 reasons why franchises offer an attractive business opportunity. 1. Established brand value. Prior to launching a franchise, the franchisor has developed and established attractive and meaningful branding for the operation, and as the network of franchisees expands the national recognition of this brand grows. When a franchisee enters into a mature franchiseeRead MoreFast Food Makes Up A Large Portion Of Many Millions Of Americans904 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction Fast food makes up a large portion of many millions of Americans’ diets: every day, one in four Americans visits a fast food restaurant (Schlosser 3). SUBWAY ® is the #1 restaurant chain in total restaurant count with 39,000 locations in 101 countries than any other fast food industry and continue growing rapidly (Fishman, 2013). It has become the world’s most ubiquitous restaurant chain, posting armies of â€Å"sandwich artists† in more outposts in American than McDonald’s and StarbucksRead MoreSubway Assignment986 Words   |  4 PagesSubway Profile Subway â€Å"Eat Fresh, Live Green†. That mission statement right away tells everyone what Subway is all about. Most people would probably consider Subway to be a fast food sandwich shop but as signs in the shop say â€Å"The only fast thing about us is our queue†. Subway wants to delight every customer so that they tell their friends. The first Subway was opened by Fred DeLuca, who had set out to fulfil a dream of becoming a medical doctor and decided thanks to a friend to open a submarineRead MoreMarketing Management Case Analysis1113 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing Management Case Analysis Subway ® Sandwich Shops Abstract Subway ® Sandwich Shops was founded in 1965, and has been franchised into the hearts and stomachs of families all around the world. This highly successful sandwich shop was the dream of high-school graduate Fred DeLuca. With the financial help of long-time friend Dr. Peter Buck, Fred opened the first Subway ™ Sandwich Shop in Bridgeport Connecticut in 1965. By 1974, the pair had opened over 16 shops around ConnecticutRead MoreEssay on Subway Sandwich Shops Situation Analysis1647 Words   |  7 PagesSubway Sandwich Shops Situation Analysis Subway Sandwich, as presented in the Case Study presented in the Marketing Management MGT 551 class, is an undisputed market leader in a segment that is â€Å"firmly established as a nationwide food item for which there is plenty of room in all areas† (University of Phoenix, 2008). However, with a growing competition, changing consumer trends and increased product specialization, Subway’s real strategic marketing challenge is to be able to develop and maintainRead More Success Story: Subway Restaurants Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesSuccess Story: Subway Restaurants Subway Restaurants, the franchised based sandwich shops, has surpassed McDonald’s as the largest restaurant chain in the country. The â€Å"Healthy Choice† promoted chain surpassed the Big Mac of fast food by 148 locations. Subway opened 904 new locations last year, to McDonald’s 295 opened (www.Subway.com). The sandwich franchise began during the summer of 1965. Seventeen year old Fred DeLuca received a loan from a family friend for one thousandRead MoreCorporate Level Of The Mcdonalds1329 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen able to sustain the level of growth of McDonalds. McDonalds began by selling only hamburgers and has expanded its menu as well as its franchises on a global platform. According to Robert Hartley, McDonalds Corporation faced a decline. McDonalds Struggled to grow as a result of constantly opening new stores, the acquisition of other fast-food franchises and a few discrepancies in the McDonalds menu. (Hartley, 2014, p.75). But as I conducted further research, I have come to the understanding

Raymond Carver Neighbors Essay - 1975 Words

Neighbors Neighbors is a short story written by Raymond Carver in 1988. It is from the collection of short stories Short cuts. The short story is in brief about the married couple Bill and Arlene Miller, who lives opposite the married couple Harriet and Jim stone. Bill and Arlene constantly see themselves in the light of the Stones happy life. Bill is a bookkeeper and Arlene is a secretary, while Jim is a salesman for a machine-parts firm. In the story the Stones are going on a business trip combined with a family trip. Bill and Arlene are set to look after the Stones apartment, feeding the cat, Kitty, and water their plants. In the Stones absence Bill and Arlene show themselves from a side you normally dont experience from†¦show more content†¦Ã‚‘ We have a short precise presentation of the two people Bill and Arlene, but they could for that matter had been anybody. They dont stand out in any way and you dont seem to get an inner connection with them through the story due to its very minimalistic form. The story is very contemporary and modern, which means that we dont need any additional background information to read and understand Neighbors. The fact that Carver leaves most of it up to the fantasy gives the reader place to think. That is what characterizes this minimalistic way of writing and its the very thing that gives place for imagining. The interesting thing in the story however isnt the composition or the way of writing. The story hungers to be studied in depth. In Neighbors Carver gets a hold on a very underlying level of the human; that is so to say the way we are when no one else is aroundÂ… When Bill for the first time walks over to feed Kitty he acts completely disrespectfully towards the Stones. He lays some of Harriets prescription pills down in his pocket and he merrily drinks some of their whisky. When he returns home he gets the feeling of having left something back. He has this feeling because he knows it is wrong to sneak around in other peoples apartment and behave like it is ones own Ââ€" he is therefore nervous for his action that might be tracked back to him. He omits telling his wife about it, but the question is also if there really is anything to tell? HeShow MoreRelatedThe Idea, By Raymond Carver And The Death Of Justina1225 Words   |  5 PagesIn both postmodernism short stories, â€Å"The Idea,† by Raymond Carver and â€Å"The Death of Justina,† by John Cheever, the authors critique middle-class and suburban values. In the 1950’s-1960’s the United States and the Soviet Union were at international conflict, which caused th e Pro-American/anti-communist defense line in America. In order not to get hunted down by the FBI the family units needed to project that they were â€Å"good guys† by living in a suburban community with the traditional roles of theRead More Themes in Raymond Carvers Literature Essay743 Words   |  3 PagesThemes in Raymond Carvers Literature In Short Cuts, by Raymond Carver, characters experience trials and problems in their lives, whether extreme such as in A Small, Good Thing and Lemonade or nominal such as in Vitamins. They all seem to depict these struggles as uphill battles which the characters cannot and mostly do not overcome. The characters throughout Carvers Short Cuts struggle through their lives in private desperation, often to ultimately realize that they are bound toRead More Raymond Carvers Neighbors Essay462 Words   |  2 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Neighbors† the speaker’s attention seems to be more directed on the Bill and Arlene Miller. The Millers are a married couple who were once a happy couple but as the years went along they felt grew apart. It seems as though they are too busy comparing their lives to the Harriet and Jim Stone, which are their neighbors, that they don’t have time to fix their marriage. The Stones do what married people should do and that’s â€Å"go out for dinner, or entertaining at home, or travelingRead More Robert Altmans Film Adaptation of Raymond Carvers Short Cuts4363 Words   |  18 PagesRobert Altmans Film Adaptation of Raymond Carvers Short Cuts The characters in Robert Altmans film adaptation of the Raymond Carver anthology Short Cuts think theyre islands entire of themselves. They suspect their lives and their worlds of isolation, alienation, separation, in multiple senses of the words. They fail to see, or perhaps purposely ignore, connections between themselves and those around them, between their actions and the ramifications of those actions. And while a typicalRead MoreThe Most Important American Fiction Writer1661 Words   |  7 PagesRaymond Carver has been called â€Å"the most important American fiction writer in the second half of the twentieth century† and â€Å"the most influential American short story writer since Ernest Hemingway† (Kleepe vii). He was very successful despite his many difficult life experiences. Carver grew up during a very difficult time in America. However, early on, Carver and his wife believed their hard work would eventually pay off despite the challenges in the world aroun d them. They thought it would fix almostRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Cuts By Raymond Carver2189 Words   |  9 Pageseveryone s ashamed to admit. In the book, Short Cuts by Raymond Carver there are clear signs of alcoholism in his characters that also reflected on himself. Carver is a very talented writer and his short stories contain lots of symbolism for the reader to interpret. Carvers’ addiction, mediocre jobs, and family problems was shown through the characters he created in each novel, and the character usually doesn t have a happy ending. Raymond Carver was born Clatskanie, Oregon in 1938, and died in PortRead MoreCritical Analysis of Raymond Carvers Neighbors757 Words   |  4 PagesAll We Really Need in Life is Each Other Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Neighbors† is a moral based story. In the beginning of their marriage Bill and Arlene were very content with one another’s companionship, but now they live in envy of their neighbors, Harriet and Jim. It seemed to the Millers that the Stones live a much more fulfilling life. When Harriet and Jim are away on business/vacation trip they would entrust Bill and Arlene to feed Kitty, water the plants, and look after their apartment. The Miller’sRead MoreIt’S Interesting How Everyone Has A Differing And Personal1659 Words   |  7 Pagesour life we will all experience love whether it’s for a human being or maybe just for your dog. Why is this question so hard to answer? I perceive love in a positive way but on the other hand Raymond perceives love differently. That’s okay because we all have different definitions. Throughout Raymond Carvers short stories he uses disconnection, distrust, and doubt to portray the idea that bad relationships and negative emotions can lead to misconceptions about love. In Carver’s story, â€Å"What We TalkRead MoreLove in Literature2486 Words   |  10 Pagesof the forms of love used in literature. In Simon May’s â€Å"Love: A History†, May mentions agape love, defining it, stating that â€Å"This love is compassionate and giving: the love of neighbor shown by the Good Samaritan† (May pg.177). The use of agape love as a catalyst for positive character development is evident in Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral†. The narrator of the story, who is ignorant and closed–minded, encounters a blind man whose name is Robert. Robert recognizes the narrators closed-mindednessRead MoreWealth Envy in Richard Cory, by Edwin Arlington Robinson Essay1408 Words   |  6 Pagesshould have been observed. The results of this study seem to indicate how an individual’s self-view is much more dependant on how he stacks up to the neighbors rather than compared to his own previous position. As the level of wealth grows within a community, individuals do not see themselves gaining financial ground on their competitors and neighbors. They only see wha t they still do not have instead of recognizing how much of a better position they are able to enjoy. This constant comparison and

Help for Various as Level History Essays Free Essays

string(112) " loosely linked to the focus of the question or some explicit comment with little, if any, appropriate support\." version 1. 1 abc General Certificate of Education AS History 1041 Unit 1: HIS1C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 Mark Scheme 2009 examination – June series This mark scheme uses the new numbering system which is being introduced for examinations from June 2010 The specimen assessment materials are provided to give centres a reasonable idea of the general shape and character of the planned question papers and mark schemes in advance of the operational exams. Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available to download from the AQA Website: www. We will write a custom essay sample on Help for Various as Level History Essays or any similar topic only for you Order Now qa. org. uk Copyright  © 2009 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered centres for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre. Set and published by the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723) and a registered charity (registered charity number 1073334). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX Dr Michael Cresswell Director General History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) Generic Introduction for AS The AS History specification is based on the assessment objectives laid down in QCA’s GCE History subject criteria and published in the AQA specification booklet. These cover the skills, knowledge and understanding which are expected of A Level candidates. Most questions address more than one objective since historical skills, which include knowledge and understanding, are usually deployed together. Consequently, the marking scheme which follows is a ‘levels of response’ scheme and assesses candidates’ historical skills in the context of their knowledge and understanding of History. The levels of response are a graduated recognition of how candidates have demonstrated their abilities in the Assessment Objectives. Candidates who predominantly address AO1(a) by writing narrative or description will perform at Level 1 or Level 2 depending on its relevance. Candidates who provide more explanation – (AO1(b), supported by the relevant selection of material, AO1(a)) – will perform at high Level 2 or low-mid Level 3 depending on how explicit they are in their response to the question. Candidates who provide explanation with evaluation, judgement and an awareness of historical interpretations will be addressing all 3 AOs (AO1(a); AO1(b): AO2(a) and (b) and will have access to the higher mark ranges. AO2(a) which requires the evaluation of source material is assessed in Unit 2. Differentiation between Levels 3, 4 and 5 is judged according to the extent to which candidates meet this range of assessment objectives. At Level 3 the answers will show more characteristics of the AO1 objectives, although there should be elements of AO2. At Level 4, AO2 criteria, particularly an understanding of how the past has been interpreted, will be more in evidence and this will be even more dominant at Level 5. The demands on written communication, particularly the organisation of ideas and the use of specialist vocabulary also increase through the various levels so that a candidate performing at the highest AS level is already well prepared for the demands of A2. 3 History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) CRITERIA FOR MARKING GCE HISTORY: AS EXAMINATION PAPERS General Guidance for Examiners (to accompany Level Descriptors) Deciding on a level and the award of marks within a level It is of vital importance that examiners familiarise themselves with the generic mark scheme and apply it consistently, as directed by the Principal Examiner, in order to facilitate comparability across options. The indicative mark scheme for each paper is designed to illustrate some of the material that candidates might refer to (knowledge) and some of the approaches and ideas they might develop (skills). It is not, however, prescriptive and should only be used to exemplify the generic mark scheme. When applying the generic mark scheme, examiners will constantly need to exercise judgement to decide which level fits an answer best. Few essays will display all the characteristics of a level, so deciding the most appropriate will always be the first task. Each level has a range of marks and for an essay which has a strong correlation with the level descriptors the middle mark should be given. However, when an answer has some of the characteristics of the level above or below, or seems stronger or weaker on comparison with many other candidates’ responses to the same question, the mark will need to be adjusted up or down. When deciding on the mark within a level, the following criteria should be considered in relation to the level descriptors. Candidates should never be doubly penalised. If a candidate with poor communication skills has been placed in Level 2, he or she should not be moved to the bottom of the level on the basis of the poor quality of written communication. On the other hand, a candidate with similarly poor skills, whose work otherwise matched the criteria for Level 4 should be adjusted downwards within the level. Criteria for deciding marks within a level: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The accuracy of factual information The level of detail The depth and precision displayed The quality of links and arguments The quality of written communication (grammar, spelling, punctuation and legibility; an appropriate form and style of writing; clear and coherent organisation of ideas, including the use of specialist vocabulary) Appropriate references to historical interpretation and debate The conclusion 4 History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) Specimen Mark Scheme for examinations in June 2010 onwards GCE AS History Unit 1: Change and Consolidation HIS1C: The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 Question 1 01 Explain why Luther attacked the sale of indulgences in 1517. (12 marks) Target: AO1(a), AO1(b) Generic Mark Scheme Nothing written worthy of credit. 0 L1: Answers will contain either some descriptive material which is only loosely linked to the focus of the question or some explicit comment with little, if any, appropriate support. You read "Help for Various as Level History Essays" in category "Essay examples" Answers are likely to be generalised and assertive. The response will be limited in development and skills of written communication will be weak. 1-2 L2: Answers will demonstrate some knowledge and understanding of the demands of the question. They will either be almost entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the question or they will provide some explanations backed by evidence that is limited in range and/or depth. Answers will be coherent but weakly expressed and/or poorly structured. 3-6 L3: Answers will demonstrate good understanding of the demands of the question providing relevant explanations backed by appropriately selected information, although this may not be full or comprehensive. Answers will, for the most part, be clearly expressed and show some organisation in the presentation of material. 7-9 L4: Answers will be well-focused, identifying a range of specific explanations, backed by precise evidence and demonstrating good understanding of the connections and links between events/issues. Answers will, for the most part, be well-written and organised. 10-12 Indicative content Candidates will need to be able to link Luther’s own intellectual development with the wider political and religious context. Luther’s hostility towards indulgences had hardened from about 1513 as he developed his solifidian ideas. In particular, their issue had no scriptural basis. However, the formulation of the 95 Theses was sparked off by the aggressive peddling of indulgences by the Dominican Johannes Tetzel at Juterbog, not far from Wittenberg but outside the jurisdiction of Electoral Saxony. Concern, therefore, for the mortal souls of innocent dupes was thus a catalyst for Luther’s protest. On the other hand, Luther’s initial objections were as much the product of the scale of sale and the style of salesmanship as it was a product of a considered theological analysis. The scale of the operation was a consequence of the indebtedness of both Pope Leo X, on account not only of his extravagant lifestyle but also the spiralling cost of rebuilding St. Peters, and the 5 History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) Archbishop of Mainz, in huge debt to the Fuggers because of the amount he had borrowed to secure the simoniacal acquisition of the archbishopric. Tetzel’s sales pitch had included the claim of plenary remission of sins as heinous as raping the Virgin Mary. Question 1 02 How far was the success of the Lutheran movement in Germany due to the reformers’ use of the printing press in the years 1517 to 1555? (24 marks) Target: AO1(a), AO1(b), AO2(b) Generic Mark Scheme Nothing written worthy of credit. 0 L1: Answers may either contain some descriptive material which is only loosely linked to the focus of the question or they may address only a part of the question. Alternatively, there may be some explicit comment with little, if any, appropriate support. Answers are likely to be generalised and assertive. There will be little, if any, awareness of differing historical interpretations. The response will be limited in development and skills of written communication will be weak. 1-6 L2: Answers will show some understanding of the focus of the question. They will either be almost entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the question or they may contain some explicit comment with relevant but limited support. They will display limited understanding of differing historical interpretations. Answers will be coherent but weakly expressed and/or poorly structured. 7-11 L3: Answers will show a developed understanding of the demands of the question. They will provide some assessment, backed by relevant and appropriately selected evidence, but they will lack depth and/or balance. There will be some understanding of varying historical interpretations. Answers will, for the most part, be clearly expressed and show some organisation in the presentation of material. 12-16 L4: Answers will show explicit understanding of the demands of the question. They will develop a balanced argument backed by a good range of appropriately selected evidence and a good understanding of historical interpretations. Answers will, for the most part, show organisation and good skills of written communication. 17-21 L5: Answers will be well-focused and closely argued. The arguments will be supported by precisely selected evidence leading to a relevant conclusion/judgement, incorporating well-developed understanding of historical interpretations and debate. Answers will, for the most part, be carefully organised and fluently written, using appropriate vocabulary. 22-24 Indicative content Printing had a fundamental role in the success of the Lutheran movement: †¢ this can be traced back to November 1517 when Luther’s 95 Theses were translated and printed in numerous editions, suggesting the existence of an avid and informed readership History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) †¢ †¢ †¢ the 1520 pamphlets sold in large numbers and were pivotal in disseminating Luther’s theological ideas and their relationship to the contemporary political context Luther and his colleagues continued to publish widely, his translation of the Bible proved very influential and the Lutheran message was spread visual ly in huge numbers of woodcuts, which meant that the message could be assimilated by the illiterate as well as the literate n contrast, the Catholic Church responded rather slowly at first to the Lutheran challenge; in the short-term, at any rate, its exploitation of the potential offered by the new technology left much to be desired. Other factors: The importance of printing should be placed in the context of a range of other factors, including: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ the political impetus created by the support for Luther of many German princes the problems faced by Charles V which prevented his prioritising the destruction of the Lutheran threat before 1546 and also prevented him from achieving a triumph even though he had been militarily successful he appeal of Luther’s ideas the social impact of Luther’s teaching (at least until 1525) the impact of preaching the contribution of other reformers, such as Melanchthon. 7 History – AQA G CE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) Question 2 03 Explain why the Anabaptists were suppressed in Munster in 1535. (12 marks) Target: AO1(a), AO1(b) Generic Mark Scheme Nothing written worthy of credit. 0 L1: Answers will contain either some descriptive material which is only loosely linked to the focus of the question or some explicit comment with little, if any, appropriate support. Answers are likely to be generalised and assertive. The response will be limited in development and skills of written communication will be weak. 1-2 L2: Answers will demonstrate some knowledge and understanding of the demands of the question. They will either be almost entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the question or they will provide some explanations backed by evidence that is limited in range and/or depth. Answers will be coherent but weakly expressed and/or poorly structured. 3-6 L3: Answers will demonstrate good understanding of the demands of the question providing relevant explanations backed by appropriately selected information, although this may not be full or comprehensive. Answers will, for the most part, be clearly expressed and show some organisation in the presentation of material. 7-9 L4: Answers will be well-focused, identifying a range of specific explanations, backed by precise evidence and demonstrating good understanding of the connections and links between events/issues. Answers will, for the most part, be well-written and organised. 10-12 Indicative content Candidates might include some of the following factors: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ all authority, both secular and religious, appeared to be challenged by the rule of the ‘Saints’ in Munster; and this encouraged the traditional authorities to take violent action traditional morality was challenged with the introduction of polygamy and was regarded with particular repugnance by socially conservative rulers, both Lutheran and Catholic property rights were challenged with the introduction of a form of communism which was a direct challenge to the basis on which traditional rulership was conducted all existing political authority was rejected. This was a threat which could not be ignored by both the Catholic Bishop and the Lutheran Philip of Hesse. The Anabaptists rejected Bibliocentrism and stressed instead direct divine inspiration, which tended conveniently to reinforce the above points. The result was a dramatic and apocalyptic movement which frightened Catholics and Lutherans alike. This even led the Landgrave of Hesse, the political leader of the Lutheran movement, and the Bishop of Munster to set aside their differences in order to join forces to suppress the ‘Saints’. 8 History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) Question 2 04 How far was the success of the Genevan Reformation to 1564 a result of Calvin’s actions against his opponents? (24 marks) Target: AO1(a), AO1(b), AO2(b) Generic Mark Scheme Nothing written worthy of credit. 0 L1: Answers may either contain some descriptive material which is only loosely linked to the focus of the question or they may address only a part of the question. Alternatively, there may be some explicit comment with little, if any, appropriate support. Answers are likely to be generalised and assertive. There will be little, if any, awareness of differing historical interpretations. The response will be limited in development and skills of written communication will be weak. 1-6 L2: Answers will show some understanding of the focus of the question. They will either be almost entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the question or they may contain some explicit comment with relevant but limited support. They will display limited understanding of differing historical interpretations. Answers will be coherent but weakly expressed and/or poorly structured. 7-11 L3: Answers will show a developed understanding of the demands of the question. They will provide some assessment, backed by relevant and appropriately selected evidence, but they will lack depth and/or balance. There will be some understanding of varying historical interpretations. Answers will, for the most part, be clearly expressed and show some organisation in the presentation of material. 12-16 L4: Answers will show explicit understanding of the demands of the question. They will develop a balanced argument backed by a good range of appropriately selected evidence and a good understanding of historical interpretations. Answers will, for the most part, show organisation and good skills of written communication. 7-21 L5: Answers will be well-focused and closely argued. The arguments will be supported by precisely selected evidence leading to a relevant conclusion/judgement, incorporating well-developed understanding of historical interpretations and debate. Answers will, for the most part, be carefully organised and fluently written, using appropriate vocabu lary. 22-24 Indicative content Calvin, once he had recovered from early setbacks, made short work of religious opponents, such as Castellio, Bolsec and Servetus. His triumph over Perrin and the Libertines demonstrated the extent of his political as well as his theological control over Geneva. The discipline thus engendered made Geneva an even more successful centre of reform, becoming in effect the hub of a huge missionary movement. Other factors help to explain the success of reform in Geneva, including: †¢ †¢ the importance of Calvin’s writing and preaching should not be underestimated church organisation was important in holstering reform in Geneva 9 History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) †¢ †¢ †¢ Calvin’s authority was bolstered by such institutions as the Consistory and the Grabeau the assistance of the Genevan Council, once it had been purged of Calvin’s opponents, was critical he Genevan Academy became an important institution for the training of Calvinist clergy, though, as it was only founded in 1559, its impact by 1564 was necessarily limited. Question 3 05 Explain why many new orders developed within the Catholic Church in the early sixteenth century (before 1540). (12 marks) Target: AO1(a ), AO1(b) Generic Mark Scheme Nothing written worthy of credit. 0 L1: Answers will contain either some descriptive material which is only loosely linked to the focus of the question or some explicit comment with little, if any, appropriate support. Answers are likely to be generalised and assertive. The response will be limited in development and skills of written communication will be weak. 1-2 L2: Answers will demonstrate some knowledge and understanding of the demands of the question. They will either be almost entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the question or they will provide some explanations backed by evidence that is limited in range and/or depth. Answers will be coherent but weakly expressed and/or poorly structured. 3-6 L3: Answers will demonstrate good understanding of the demands of the question providing relevant explanations backed by appropriately selected information, although this may not be full or comprehensive. Answers will, for the most part, be clearly expressed and show some organisation in the presentation of material. 7-9 L4: Answers will be well-focused, identifying a range of specific explanations, backed by precise evidence and demonstrating good understanding of the connections and links between events/issues. Answers will, for the most part, be well-written and organised. 10-12 Indicative content The process of Catholic renewal was exemplified by the creation and activity of new orders within the Church, mostly in central and northern Italy. A number of factors help to explain their emergence: †¢ †¢ †¢ there was clearly a ‘rising spirituality’ particularly amongst a number of committed churchmen such as Gaetano di Thiene there was an increasing perception that traditional monasticism was no longer able to provide the spiritual impetus and evangelising which the Church needed there was a willingness on the part of wealthy patrons to support the orders’ spiritual aims 10 History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) there is clear evidence that the foundation of some orders was a response to the social misery which characterised parts of Italy in the 1520s. Question 3 06 How important was the Papacy in reforming the Catholic Church in the years 1534 to 1564? (24 marks) Target: AO1(a), AO1(b), AO2(b) Generic Mark Scheme Noth ing written worthy of credit. 0 L1: Answers may either contain some descriptive material which is only loosely linked to the focus of the question or they may address only a part of the question. Alternatively, there may be some explicit comment with little, if any, appropriate support. Answers are likely to be generalised and assertive. There will be little, if any, awareness of differing historical interpretations. The response will be limited in development and skills of written communication will be weak. 1-6 L2: Answers will show some understanding of the focus of the question. They will either be almost entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the question or they may contain some explicit comment with relevant but limited support. They will display limited understanding of differing historical interpretations. Answers will be coherent but weakly expressed and/or poorly structured. 7-11 L3: Answers will show a developed understanding of the demands of the question. They will provide some assessment, backed by relevant and appropriately selected evidence, but they will lack depth and/or balance. There will be some understanding of varying historical interpretations. Answers will, for the most part, be clearly expressed and show some organisation in the presentation of material. 12-16 L4: Answers will show explicit understanding of the demands of the question. They will develop a balanced argument backed by a good range of appropriately selected evidence and a good understanding of historical interpretations. Answers will, for the most part, show organisation and good skills of written communication. 17-21 Answers will be well-focused and closely argued. The arguments will be supported by precisely selected evidence leading to a relevant conclusion/judgement, incorporating well-developed understanding of historical interpretations and debate. Answers will, for the most part, be carefully organised and fluently written, using appropriate vocabulary. 22-24 L5: Indicative content The impact of the papacy during this period was, at best, variable. Paul III, despite his evident corruption and shortcomings, set up in 1536 the commission which produced the reform proposals contained in the Consilium†¦de Emendanda Ecclesia. Despite papal sponsorship, the Consilium achieved only a small proportion of its objectives, which might reinforce a critical stance concerning Paul III as a proponent of reform. On the other hand, he did set up the Council of Trent, though it achieved little during his pontificate. His successor, Julius III, had little interest in reform, though he did keep the Council in session. Paul IV, though genuinely 11 History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) interested in reform, almost destroyed the reforming impetus on account of his divisiveness, antagonising both ecclesiastical colleagues such as Cardinal Morone and key Catholic monarchs such as Charles V, Philip II and Ferdinand. Pius IV managed to assuage Paul IV’s bitter legacy and, most importantly, set the Council of Trent back in motion and drove it to a successful conclusion. Other factors assisted the process of reform: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ the effects of the New Orders the early work of the Jesuits the eventual assertiveness of the Council of Trent reforming bishops. 12 How to cite Help for Various as Level History Essays, Essay examples

Just a Few Thoughts free essay sample

Think. Think. Think. An essay? Hmm†¦ But what to write abou- A play! Down the field, they cross the ball, and ohh, I call it offside. What a drag. I really should pay better attention, but being the assistant referee on the sidelines of an under tens girl’s game when red is up by six. .. Impossible. It would be a wiser use of time to daydream†¦What. To. Write? â€Å"I like science,† + twelve years of school (four particularly dedicated to forming eloquent sentences) -yields â€Å"I have become well-versed in many areas of study, however chemistry has peaked my interest unlike anything before.† No. Shut up. Lots of people like science. Besides, you like history more. Dictators, wars and revolutions, oh my! â€Å"It all began with Mesopotamia, the world’s first civilization†¦Ã¢â‚¬  No. You’re lame. They know this. Other people know this. AND you think Stalin is more interesting anyway†¦ Oo, Stalin. We will write a custom essay sample on Just a Few Thoughts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hitler. Mussolini. Evil, but interesting. What made them tick? Why did they kill; hunger for control? Oh God, and Robespierre! What and idiot! â€Å"I’ll be a driving force in starting a revolution, go power crazy like the king and queen I helped overthrow, and then get myself kill-â€Å"â€Å"Excuse me sir? No sir, she wasn’t offside. She had the ball on a break-away†¦ Ok sir, I’ll talk to him about it.†The play was clean. Everyone Thinks. They Know. The Offside. Rule. I know it though. I know that that it isn’t ‘offsides’ like everyone says. I know the rule because I played goalkeeper until I broke my kneecap. I KNOW offside (no s). Kneecap†¦ Patellllaaa†¦ Meanings. Interpretations. Translations. Shakespeare. â€Å"Beware the Ides of March.† March 15th. Ya know, the clock sounds during the meeting of the assassins, but Julius Caesar was around circa 40 BCE. There weren’t any clocks back then; they told their time by the sun†¦ The center of the universe.â€Å"No sir, I’m sorry, that’s not a foul. Well, from THIS angle, it looked as though her elbow didn’t hit your player; I think she was just running.†Ahh, right. Heliocentric. Beautiful word. Genius discovery. Poor Copernicus, too afraid to say anything. But not Galileo, nope nope. A real person. Not afraid to speak out. To be different. Finding his heaven through the hell he had to go through for his publications. Go. Through. Hell. To. Get. To. Heaven. Nizche. It’s true though. I mean think about it, I stand in the sun- all day- and listen to parents yell at me- all day- to get paid in hopes that I can eventually experience a little bit of my heaven†¦ Study abroad. Save that money†¦ Learn, soak up, enjoy. LIVE. Mumbai, Athens, Rome, and Warsaw. Save. Travel. Learn. Learn. Learn. Through all things, I learn, learn, learn.

Free Essays on How The Harlem Renaissance Writer Zora Neale Hurston Influenced America

U.S women’s History Topic: How the Harlem Renaissance Writer Zora Neale Hurston influenced America Harlem, the â€Å"Mecca† of the urban north. A place where blacks could mingle with whites and not worry about the â€Å"Jim Crow† laws of the south. Harlem in the 1920’s was a hustling and bustling metropolis of the humanities. You had good music, art, and literature. You had blacks making advances in politics, and other social aspects of life. This caused blacks to make a mad exodus from the south to the urban centers of Chicago, New York, Cleveland, Detroit, and other major northern cities. Blacks were weary of the agrarian south and its oppressive political structure and wanted the freedom allowed to their northern neighbors. With factory jobs abundant, a black man in the north had a much better standard of living than his counterpart in Alabama. However, just because we partied together did not mean that blacks and whites were equal. Blacks still suffered staunch racism, but just in a different climate. Blacks were allowed to make headway in the arts, however most of those that were making it did so as â€Å"sambo†, or as a person making fun of the lower class. Just as southerners divided blacks by using their skin tones, northern whites divided blacks by economic class. If you were poor, and undereducated you were looked down upon by the new middle class of blacks as being â€Å"niggerish†. You were thought be slowing down the advancement of other blacks because of your lack of culture. The lower classes thought that the middle classes were trying to become white. This made for tension not only with whites, but also among blacks in their own communities. Although many left the â€Å"deep south† to avoid the poor agrarian lifestyle of their ancestors, the truth was that the blacks that moved n orth were not finding all of the great jobs they heard of. In fact, most blacks that did find good paying jobs wer... Free Essays on How The Harlem Renaissance Writer Zora Neale Hurston Influenced America Free Essays on How The Harlem Renaissance Writer Zora Neale Hurston Influenced America U.S women’s History Topic: How the Harlem Renaissance Writer Zora Neale Hurston influenced America Harlem, the â€Å"Mecca† of the urban north. A place where blacks could mingle with whites and not worry about the â€Å"Jim Crow† laws of the south. Harlem in the 1920’s was a hustling and bustling metropolis of the humanities. You had good music, art, and literature. You had blacks making advances in politics, and other social aspects of life. This caused blacks to make a mad exodus from the south to the urban centers of Chicago, New York, Cleveland, Detroit, and other major northern cities. Blacks were weary of the agrarian south and its oppressive political structure and wanted the freedom allowed to their northern neighbors. With factory jobs abundant, a black man in the north had a much better standard of living than his counterpart in Alabama. However, just because we partied together did not mean that blacks and whites were equal. Blacks still suffered staunch racism, but just in a different climate. Blacks were allowed to make headway in the arts, however most of those that were making it did so as â€Å"sambo†, or as a person making fun of the lower class. Just as southerners divided blacks by using their skin tones, northern whites divided blacks by economic class. If you were poor, and undereducated you were looked down upon by the new middle class of blacks as being â€Å"niggerish†. You were thought be slowing down the advancement of other blacks because of your lack of culture. The lower classes thought that the middle classes were trying to become white. This made for tension not only with whites, but also among blacks in their own communities. Although many left the â€Å"deep south† to avoid the poor agrarian lifestyle of their ancestors, the truth was that the blacks that moved n orth were not finding all of the great jobs they heard of. In fact, most blacks that did find good paying jobs wer...

Bilateral Symmetry Definition

Bilateral Symmetry Definition Bilateral symmetry is a body plan in which the body can be divided into mirror images along a central axis. In this article, you can learn more about symmetry, advantages of bilateral symmetry and examples of marine life that exhibit bilateral symmetry. What Is Symmetry? Symmetry is the arrangement of shapes or body parts so that they are equal on each side of a dividing line. In an animal, this describes the way its body parts are arranged around a central axis.   There are several types of symmetry found in marine organisms. The two main types are bilateral symmetry and radial symmetry, but organisms may also exhibit pentaradial symmetry or biradial symmetry.  Some organisms are asymmetrical. Sponges are the only asymmetrical marine animal. Definition of Bilateral Symmetry Bilateral symmetry is the arrangement of body parts into left and right halves on either side of a central axis. When an organism is bilaterally symmetrical, you can draw an imaginary line (this is called the sagittal plane) from the tip of its snout to the tip of its back end, and on either side of this line would be halves that are mirror images of each other. In a bilaterally symmetrical organism, only one plane can divide the organism into mirror images. This can also be called left/right symmetry. The right and left halves arent exactly the same. For example, the right flipper of a whale may be a little larger or differently shaped than the left flipper.   Many animals, including humans, exhibit bilateral symmetry. For example, the fact that we have an eye, arm, and leg in about the same place on each side of our bodies makes us bilaterally symmetrical. Bilateral Symmetry Etymology The term bilateral can be traced to the Latin bis (two) and latus (side). The word symmetry comes from the Greek words syn (together) and metron (meter). Characteristics of Animals That Are Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals that exhibit bilateral symmetry typically have head and tail (anterior and posterior) regions, a top and a bottom (dorsal and ventral) and left and right sides. Most have a complex brain that is located in the head, which is part of a well-developed nervous system and may even have right and left sides. They also usually have eyes and a mouth located in this region. In addition to having a more developed nervous system, bilaterally symmetrical animals can move more quickly than animals with other body plans. This bilaterally symmetrical body plan may have evolved to help animals better find food or escape predators.  Also, having a head and tail region means that waste is eliminated in a different region from where food is eaten - definitely a perk for us!   Animals with bilateral symmetry also have better eyesight and hearing than those with radial symmetry. Examples of Bilateral Symmetry Humans and many other animals exhibit bilateral symmetry. In the ocean world, most marine creatures, including all vertebrates and some invertebrates exhibit bilateral symmetry. Following are examples of marine life profiled on this site that exhibit bilateral symmetry: Marine MammalsSea TurtlesFishLobstersCephalopodsNudibranchsEchinoderms - although they have  pentaradial  (5-sided) symmetry as adults, echinoderm larvae are bilaterally symmetrical. References and Further Information Morrissey, J.F. and J.L. Sumich. 2012. Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life (10th Edition). Jones Bartlett Learning. 467pp.Natural History Museum. Bilateral Symmetry. Accessed June 16, 2015.Prosser, W. A. M. 2012. Animal Body Plans and Movement: Symmetry in Action. Decoded Science. Accessed February 28, 2016.University of California Museum of Paleontology. Bilateral (left/right) Symmetry. Understanding Evolution. Accessed February 28, 2016.

Answer these questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer these questions - Essay Example Indeed he not only wanted to impose Nazism on Germans, but he wanted to impose on all Europeans and perhaps even on everyone in the world. He believed everything he did was right and everyone should agree with him. 27. Hitler believed that all Jews were different than Germans. He wanted Germans to fit into the Aryan ideal and to be blue-eyed and blonde-haired. He desired a people that did not look at all Semitic. To Hitler, Jews could be detected by their appearance. This was another example of his anti-Semitism which led to the Holocaust. 3. Hitler definitely thought that young people should indoctrinated early on. He wanted all German students to worship him and agree with everything he said. That is why he created the Hitler Youth. Truth was whatever he said it was. 12. Hitler was a war leader because he chose to start wars everywhere in Europe. He was deluded if he thought that other people were starting wars against him. His surprise attack on the Soviet Union is a good example of this. Every time he made an agreement with someone he broke it. He was a war leader by choice. 21. In the warped way that he looked at the world, Hitler probably believed he was humane. He thought it was nice to kill people because he was doing it for a larger reason—the betterment of humankind. He had probably convinced himself that he was humane and good while at the same time committing evil acts. He was certainly

Firewall and Service Management on Linux Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Firewall and Service Management on Linux - Essay Example If the system is connecting to other systems for the purpose of sending data out, for any number of possible reasons, including data theft, or participation in a botnet as an example. netstat - an option lists all listening ports of TCP and UDP connections. It might be useful sometimes to be able to list them all when analyzing a client’s system, given that it gives the big picture. However, when context is needed, some more filtering should be done to get a better idea of the issues one is dealing with. Thus other commands need to be used in order to provide better context. However, if a port is open that the client system is not using then the port needs to be closed to protect the client system from an attacker. netstat –at shows all TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) port connections only. TCP statistics can show when a client system is being attacked, such as during denial of service attacks. TCP parameters which show dropped connection requests increase rapidly when under attack. netstat –ant shows the output without running a DNS query, which would slow down the command response time. Instead, it will only show the IP address without showing domain names. This might be more useful when time is of essence, and one needs answers fast in case of an attack on a client system. netstat –nlpu shows the process that owns listening UDP socket connections. sudo netstat –nlpu shows the process owner and process ID (PID). This is useful in determining which program is running a process. This can help determine whether it is a rogue process or not, and can help in hardening client systems. The netstat command shows detailed statistics of each network connection, interface, routing tables, network protocols and it also displays other network-specific information. The netstat command helps us to deal with network issues in Linux.  Network administrators are also encouraged to have enhanced performance measurement when they use the netstat command.

Approaches to Health Inequalities

Approaches to Health Inequalities HEALTH INEQUALITIES AND SOCIAL DIVISIONS Introduction Today, it seems to be an obvious truth that â€Å"social and environmental factors account for a substantial portion of health inequalities between and within countries.†[1] The ubiquitous nature of economic and social inequalities is noted by all scholars.[2] This is a truth that seems well-enough established both in the professional literature and in the consciences of the laity. The questions that occupy scholars’ time, therefore, have centrally to do with what might be done about such health inequalities and whether social divisions are more the causal origins of the inequalities or whether they are the result.[3] As the literature reflects an ongoing investigation into all the matters addressed within this paper, definitive conclusions will have to wait until more is positively settled by the broader research community. But, certainly several pertinent issues can be explored at this time and the ongoing questions raised. The Realities of Inequality, Poverty and Societal Issues As is widely acknowledged, there is a relation between relative poverty and social issues. Regarding social ways in which it is difficult for those in relative poverty to be like others around them, it is often found to be difficult for an impoverished person to â€Å"participate fully in the social life of a community or country,† which will often lead to feelings of powerlessness.[4] Such social issues lead naturally into considerations of health inequality, as those who are impoverished often experience a great lack in education and access to resources normally available to those who are not in a state of relative poverty (e.g., healthcare, clean water, good nutrition, shelter, etc.).[5] It has also been noted that these types of relative health inequalities (i.e., between social groups) may be getting worse.[6] Health Inequalities There are at least two ways in which the discussion of health inequality can be broached. First, there can be shown to exist an inequality in healthfulness between classes. That is, one social group exhibits more health than does another, whatever the causal origin of this may be. Regarding the connection between a lack of healthfulness and social division, it has been noted that â€Å"A social class gradient is most pronounced for long-standing illnesses that limit activity.†[7] That is, such illnesses occur within certain social classes. Second, it is possible to explore the relation between being socially challenged and not having access to healthcare. This latter issue may be the simplest to deal with as the reasons for it are more readily seen. If one simply does not have access to that which will provide him with health, then clearly inequity between his group and those of another will be readily apparent. What Can Be Done about Access to Health? In their editorial, Jeanette Vega and Alec Irwin explore some possible responses to such health inequalities. They note that in the past there has been enacted, what might be called a â€Å"Pro-Poor† approach. This takes into account the fact that the poor often simply do not have the means in terms of finance or education to bring it about that they have access to much in the way of health resources or medicine. So, interventionist groups are formed in order to try and ensure that they have some access to medicine and health care. These types of interventionist methods are important, write the authors. But, they are inadequate by themselves. First, they only tend to focus on providing access to one type of group, and this is merely an issue of inequity in unfairness. Second, and perhaps more importantly, they do not attempt to address many of the core reasons why such inequalities arise in the first place, which include â€Å"gender and ethnicity† among other reasons.[ 8] A more comprehensive approach is both necessary and desirable in the effort to combat health inequalities. More must be done to combat the social divisions that exist, both along monetary lines and other ethnic lines.[9] There has been some progress made in a few countries, like Sweden wherein the approach has been comprehensive and on the cooperation between government agencies on high levels. Sweden has developed a national health policy that focuses on what determines health at the â€Å"societal level.† In this model, government agencies work alongside significant social sectors (e.g., education, transportation, environmental protection) and they are all required together to work toward the improving of â€Å"population health and narrowing health equity gaps.†[10] Also, in the United Kingdom recent efforts at accomplishing these same goals have seen success in targeting, not an ethnic or social group, but an age group. That is, collaborative efforts have been engag ed which have targeted mothers of children in early education and child care and have attempted to integrate these services with those of assistance to families and that of general health.[11] More to Be Done on the Research Level In a recent article Stuart Logan asked the hypothetical question of whether research was still important to be carried out in the area of child health inequality.[12] If it is obvious to all, as he argues it is, that â€Å"the relationship between poverty and poor health has been demonstrated so often and for such a wide range of conditions,† then the question naturally arises as to why any such investigative research into the relationship between socioeconomic status and child health should be carried out. Logan believes there are two important reasons that this endeavor is crucial in the overall attempt to overcome health inequalities and social divisions. First, we must continue to advocate for those who cannot advocate for themselves, and children are the first that come to mind in this category. Furthermore, there is simply not a â€Å"differential in health outcomes between those who are poor and those who are wealthy.†[13] Secondly, to continue such research may shed light on the crucial area of etiology, which, in medicine, is that branch that attempts to determine the causal origins of disease. An example of this latter would be the putative relation between the age of first pregnancy and the cause of breast cancer later in life.[14] Without further research, this suggestion may remain indefinitely putative. Robert Beaglehole agrees with these reasonable suggestions by Logan. Although everyone seems to know the general truth about health inequalities and a correlation with social distinctions, â€Å"an appropriate response is hampered by our poor understanding of their underlying causes.†[15] This is a difficult reality, but it only seeks to illustrate and support the contentions made by Logan with regard to the specific case of child health inequality. Without the proper amount and type of research to be done, it seems difficult to see how this situation of inequality might be improved. Without knowing the prior causes that lead to various ill effects among some social classes, there would seem to be no good way of making forward progress in this regard. Concluding Thoughts As Beaglehole notes in his book review, health inequalities are plainly offensive. They may be most offensive to those who work in the medical profession who have the know-how and skills necessary to help any and all (if they could only access any and all), but who are frustrated by a lack of governmental efforts to improve the persistent situation involving a lack of health and access to healthcare. Some steps of various governments (notably in Europe) have been taken to improve the situation, as we have explored briefly in this essay. Yet, as the writers of the brief appearing in the World Health Organization note, more strategic planning and (more importantly) implementation on the parts of governments working alongside various other national organizations may go a long way yet toward improving the overall situation of health inequality. Without significant progress in this area, it is likely that social divisions between classes, races, and ethnic groups will persist. Bibliography Beaglehole, Robert. â€Å"The Challenge of Health Inequalities† (book review) in The Lancet, London, Feb. 18-24, 206, vol. 367, issue 9510, p. 559-60. â€Å"Poverty and Health.† In Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Logan, Stuart. â€Å"Research and Equity in Child Health.† In Pediatrics. Vol. 12, no. 3, Sept. 2003. Vega, Jeanette and Alec Irwin. â€Å"Tackling Health Inequalities: New Approaches in Public Policy.† In Bulletin of the World Health Organization (WHO), July 2004, 82 (7). 1 Footnotes [1] Jeanette Vega and Alec Irwin, â€Å"Tackling Health Inequalities: New Approaches in Public Policy,† in Bulletin of the World Health Organization (WHO), July 2004, 82 (7). [2] Robert Beaglehole, â€Å"The Challenge of Health Inequalities† (book review) in The Lancet London, Feb. 18-24, 206, vol. 367, issue 9510, p. 559-60. [3] Or a third alternative is whether they could be reciprocal-mutually contributing to the origin and subsistence of each other over time. [4] â€Å"Poverty and Health,† in Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 665-9. [5] Ibid., p. 665. [6] Robert Beaglehole, â€Å"Health Inequalities,† p. 559. [7] â€Å"Poverty and Health,† p. 665. [8] Vega and Irwin, â€Å"Tackling Health Inequalities,† p. 7. [9] Ibid. [10] Ibid. [11] Ibid. [12] Stuart Logan, â€Å"Research and Equity in Child Health,† in Pediatrics, vol. 12, no. 3, Sept. 2003, p. 759. [13] Ibid. [14] Ibid., p. 760. [15] Beaglehole, p. 559.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Thirteen

Tyrion The north went on forever. Tyrion Lannister knew the maps as well as anyone, but a fortnight on the wild track that passed for the kingsroad up here had brought home the lesson that the map was one thing and the land quite another. They had left Winterfell on the same day as the king, amidst all the commotion of the royal departure, riding out to the sound of men shouting and horses snorting, to the rattle of wagons and the groaning of the queen's huge wheelhouse, as a light snow flurried about them. The kingsroad was just beyond the sprawl of castle and town. There the banners and the wagons and the columns of knights and freeriders turned south, taking the tumult with them, while Tyrion turned north with Benjen Stark and his nephew. It had grown colder after that, and far more quiet. West of the road were flint hills, grey and rugged, with tall watchtowers on their stony summits. To the east the land was lower, the ground flattening to a rolling plain that stretched away as far as the eye could see. Stone bridges spanned swift, narrow rivers, while small farms spread in rings around holdfasts walled in wood and stone. The road was well trafficked, and at night for their comfort there were rude inns to be found. Three days ride from Winterfell, however, the farmland gave way to dense wood, and the kingsroad grew lonely. The flint hills rose higher and wilder with each passing mile, until by the fifth day they had turned into mountains, cold blue-grey giants with jagged promontories and snow on their shoulders. When the wind blew from the north, long plumes of ice crystals flew from the high peaks like banners. With the mountains a wall to the west, the road veered north by northeast through the wood, a forest of oak and evergreen and black brier that seemed older and darker than any Tyrion had ever seen. â€Å"The wolfswood,† Benjen Stark called it, and indeed their nights came alive with the howls of distant packs, and some not so distant. Jon Snow's albino direwolf pricked up his ears at the nightly howling, but never raised his own voice in reply. There was something very unsettling about that animal, Tyrion thought. There were eight in the party by then, not counting the wolf. Tyrion traveled with two of his own men, as befit a Lannister. Benjen Stark had only his bastard nephew and some fresh mounts for the Night's Watch, but at the edge of the wolfswood they stayed a night behind the wooden walls of a forest holdfast, and there joined up with another of the black brothers, one Yoren. Yoren was stooped and sinister, his features hidden behind a beard as black as his clothing, but he seemed as tough as an old root and as hard as stone. With him were a pair of ragged peasant boys from the Fingers. â€Å"Rapers,† Yoren said with a cold look at his charges. Tyrion understood. Life on the Wall was said to be hard, but no doubt it was preferable to castration. Five men, three boys, a direwolf, twenty horses, and a cage of ravens given over to Benjen Stark by Maester Luwin. No doubt they made a curious fellowship for the kingsroad, or any road. Tyrion noticed Jon Snow watching Yoren and his sullen companions, with an odd cast to his face that looked uncomfortably like dismay. Yoren had a twisted shoulder and a sour smell, his hair and beard were matted and greasy and full of lice, his clothing old, patched, and seldom washed. His two young recruits smelled even worse, and seemed as stupid as they were cruel. No doubt the boy had made the mistake of thinking that the Night's Watch was made up of men like his uncle. If so, Yoren and his companions were a rude awakening. Tyrion felt sorry for the boy. He had chosen a hard life . . . or perhaps he should say that a hard life had been chosen for him. He had rather less sympathy for the uncle. Benjen Stark seemed to share his brother's distaste for Lannisters, and he had not been pleased when Tyrion had told him of his intentions. â€Å"I warn you, Lannister, you'll find no inns at the Wall,† he had said, looking down on him. â€Å"No doubt you'll find some place to put me,† Tyrion had replied. â€Å"As you might have noticed, I'm small.† One did not say no to the queen's brother, of course, so that had settled the matter, but Stark had not been happy. â€Å"You will not like the ride, I promise you that,† he'd said curtly, and since the moment they set out, he had done all he could to live up to that promise. By the end of the first week, Tyrion's thighs were raw from hard riding, his legs were cramping badly, and he was chilled to the bone. He did not complain. He was damned if he would give Benjen Stark that satisfaction. He took a small revenge in the matter of his riding fur, a tattered bearskin, old and musty-smelling. Stark had offered it to him in an excess of Night's Watch gallantry, no doubt expecting him to graciously decline. Tyrion had accepted with a smile. He had brought his warmest clothing with him when they rode out of Winterfell, and soon discovered that it was nowhere near warm enough. It was cold up here, and growing colder. The nights were well below freezing now, and when the wind blew it was like a knife cutting right through his warmest woolens. By now Stark was no doubt regretting his chivalrous impulse. Perhaps he had learned a lesson. The Lannisters never declined, graciously or otherwise. The Lannisters took what was offered. Farms and holdfasts grew scarcer and smaller as they pressed northward, ever deeper into the darkness of the wolfswood, until finally there were no more roofs to shelter under, and they were thrown back on their own resources. Tyrion was never much use in making a camp or breaking one. Too small, too hobbled, too in-the-way. So while Stark and Yoren and the other men erected rude shelters, tended the horses, and built a fire, it became his custom to take his fur and a wineskin and go off by himself to read. On the eighteenth night of their journey, the wine was a rare sweet amber from the Summer Isles that he had brought all the way north from Casterly Rock, and the book a rumination on the history and properties of dragons. With Lord Eddard Stark's permission, Tyrion had borrowed a few rare volumes from the Winterfell library and packed them for the ride north. He found a comfortable spot just beyond the noise of the camp, beside a swift-running stream with waters clear and cold as ice. A grotesquely ancient oak provided shelter from the biting wind. Tyrion curled up in his fur with his back against the trunk, took a sip of the wine, and began to read about the properties of dragonbone. Dragonbone is black because of its high iron content, the book told him. It is strong as steel, yet lighter and far more flexible, and of course utterly impervious to fire. Dragonbone bows are greatly prized by the Dothraki, and small wonder. An archer so armed can outrange any wooden bow. Tyrion had a morbid fascination with dragons. When he had first come to King's Landing for his sister's wedding to Robert Baratheon, he had made it a point to seek out the dragon skulls that had hung on the walls of Targaryen's throne room. King Robert had replaced them with banners and tapestries, but Tyrion had persisted until he found the skulls in the dank cellar where they had been stored. He had expected to find them impressive, perhaps even frightening. He had not thought to find them beautiful. Yet they were. As black as onyx, polished smooth, so the bone seemed to shimmer in the light of his torch. They liked the fire, he sensed. He'd thrust the torch into the mouth of one of the larger skulls and made the shadows leap and dance on the wall behind him. The teeth were long, curving knives of black diamond. The flame of the torch was nothing to them; they had bathed in the heat of far greater fires. When he had moved away, Tyrion could have sworn that the beast's empty eye sockets had watched him go. There were nineteen skulls. The oldest was more than three thousand years old; the youngest a mere century and a half. The most recent were also the smallest; a matched pair no bigger than mastiff's skulls, and oddly misshapen, all that remained of the last two hatchlings born on Dragonstone. They were the last of the Targaryen dragons, perhaps the last dragons anywhere, and they had not lived very long. From there the skulls ranged upward in size to the three great monsters of song and story, the dragons that Aegon Targaryen and his sisters had unleashed on the Seven Kingdoms of old. The singers had given them the names of gods: Balerion, Meraxes, Vhaghar. Tyrion had stood between their gaping jaws, wordless and awed. You could have ridden a horse down Vhaghar's gullet, although you would not have ridden it out again. Meraxes was even bigger. And the greatest of them, Balerion, the Black Dread, could have swallowed an aurochs whole, or even one of the hairy mammoths said to roam the cold wastes beyond the Port of Ibben. Tyrion stood in that dank cellar for a long time, staring at Balerion's huge, empty-eyed skull until his torch burned low, trying to grasp the size of the living animal, to imagine how it must have looked when it spread its great black wings and swept across the skies, breathing fire. His own remote ancestor, King Loren of the Rock, had tried to stand against the fire when he joined with King Mern of the Reach to oppose the Targaryen conquest. That was close on three hundred years ago, when the Seven Kingdoms were kingdoms, and not mere provinces of a greater realm. Between them, the Two Kings had six hundred banners flying, five thousand mounted knights, and ten times as many freeriders and men-at-arms. Aegon Dragonlord had perhaps a fifth that number, the chroniclers said, and most of those were conscripts from the ranks of the last king he had slain, their loyalties uncertain. The hosts met on the broad plains of the Reach, amidst golden fields of wheat ripe for harvest. When the Two Kings charged, the Targaryen army shivered and shattered and began to run. For a few moments, the chroniclers wrote, the conquest was at an end . . . but only for those few moments, before Aegon Targaryen and his sisters joined the battle. It was the only time that Vhaghar, Meraxes, and Balerion were all unleashed at once. The singers called it the Field of Fire. Near four thousand men had burned that day, among them King Mern of the Reach. King Loren had escaped, and lived long enough to surrender, pledge his fealty to the Targaryens, and beget a son, for which Tyrion was duly grateful. â€Å"Why do you read so much?† Tyrion looked up at the sound of the voice. Jon Snow was standing a few feet away, regarding him curiously. He closed the book on a finger and said, â€Å"Look at me and tell me what you see.† The boy looked at him suspiciously. â€Å"Is this some kind of trick? I see you. Tyrion Lannister.† Tyrion sighed. â€Å"You are remarkably polite for a bastard, Snow. What you see is a dwarf. You are what, twelve?† â€Å"Fourteen,† the boy said. â€Å"Fourteen, and you're taller than I will ever be. My legs are short and twisted, and I walk with difficulty. I require a special saddle to keep from falling off my horse. A saddle of my own design, you may be interested to know. It was either that or ride a pony. My arms are strong enough, but again, too short. I will never make a swordsman. Had I been born a peasant, they might have left me out to die, or sold me to some slaver's grotesquerie. Alas, I was born a Lannister of Casterly Rock, and the grotesqueries are all the poorer. Things are expected of me. My father was the Hand of the King for twenty years. My brother later killed that very same king, as it turns out, but life is full of these little ironies. My sister married the new king and my repulsive nephew will be king after him. I must do my part for the honor of my House, wouldn't you agree? Yet how? Well, my legs may be too small for my body, but my head is too large, although I prefer to think it is just large eno ugh for my mind. I have a realistic grasp of my own strengths and weaknesses. My mind is my weapon. My brother has his sword, King Robert has his warhammer, and I have my mind . . . and a mind needs books as a sword needs a whetstone, if it is to keep its edge.† Tyrion tapped the leather cover of the book. â€Å"That's why I read so much, Jon Snow.† The boy absorbed that all in silence. He had the Stark face if not the name: long, solemn, guarded, a face that gave nothing away. Whoever his mother had been, she had left little of herself in her son. â€Å"What are you reading about?† he asked. â€Å"Dragons,† Tyrion told him. â€Å"What good is that? There are no more dragons,† the boy said with the easy certainty of youth. â€Å"So they say,† Tyrion replied. â€Å"Sad, isn't it? When I was your age, used to dream of having a dragon of my own.† â€Å"You did?† the boy said suspiciously. Perhaps he thought Tyrion was making fun of him. â€Å"Oh, yes. Even a stunted, twisted, ugly little boy can look down over the world when he's seated on a dragon's back.† Tyrion pushed the bearskin aside and climbed to his feet. â€Å"I used to start fires in the bowels of Casterly Rock and stare at the flames for hours, pretending they were dragonfire. Sometimes I'd imagine my father burning. At other times, my sister.† Jon Snow was staring at him, a look equal parts horror and fascination. Tyrion guffawed. â€Å"Don't look at me that way, bastard. I know your secret. You've dreamt the same kind of dreams.† â€Å"No,† Jon Snow said, horrified. â€Å"I wouldn't . . . â€Å" â€Å"No? Never?† Tyrion raised an eyebrow. â€Å"Well, no doubt the Starks have been terribly good to you. I'm certain Lady Stark treats you as if you were one of her own. And your brother Robb, he's always been kind, and why not? He gets Winterfell and you get the Wall. And your father . . . he must have good reasons for packing you off to the Night's Watch . . . â€Å" â€Å"Stop it,† Jon Snow said, his face dark with anger. â€Å"The Night's Watch is a noble calling!† Tyrion laughed. â€Å"You're too smart to believe that. The Night's Watch is a midden heap for all the misfits of the realm. I've seen you looking at Yoren and his boys. Those are your new brothers, Jon Snow, how do you like them? Sullen peasants, debtors, poachers, rapers, thieves, and bastards like you all wind up on the Wall, watching for grumkins and snarks and all the other monsters your wet nurse warned you about. The good part is there are no grumkins or snarks, so it's scarcely dangerous work. The bad part is you freeze your balls off, but since you're not allowed to breed anyway, I don't suppose that matters.† â€Å"Stop it!† the boy screamed. He took a step forward, his hands coiling into fists, close to tears. Suddenly, absurdly, Tyrion felt guilty. He took a step forward, intending to give the boy a reassuring pat on the shoulder or mutter some word of apology. He never saw the wolf, where it was or how it came at him. One moment he was walking toward Snow and the next he was flat on his back on the hard rocky ground, the book spinning away from him as he fell, the breath going out of him at the sudden impact, his mouth full of dirt and blood and rotting leaves. As he tried to get up, his back spasmed painfully. He must have wrenched it in the fall. He ground his teeth in frustration, grabbed a root, and pulled himself back to a sitting position. â€Å"Help me,† he said to the boy, reaching up a hand. And suddenly the wolf was between them. He did not growl. The damned thing never made a sound. He only looked at him with those bright red eyes, and showed him his teeth, and that was more than enough. Tyrion sagged back to the ground with a grunt. â€Å"Don't help me, then. I'll sit right here until you leave.† Jon Snow stroked Ghost's thick white fur, smiling now. â€Å"Ask me nicely.† Tyrion Lannister felt the anger coiling inside him, and crushed it out with a will. It was not the first time in his life he had been humiliated, and it would not be the last. Perhaps he even deserved this. â€Å"I should be very grateful for your kind assistance, Jon,† he said mildly. â€Å"Down, Ghost,† the boy said. The direwolf sat on his haunches. Those red eyes never left Tyrion. Jon came around behind him, slid his hands under his arms, and lifted him easily to his feet. Then he picked up the book and handed it back. â€Å"Why did he attack me?† Tyrion asked with a sidelong glance at the direwolf. He wiped blood and dirt from his mouth with the back of his hand. â€Å"Maybe he thought you were a grumkin.† Tyrion glanced at him sharply. Then he laughed, a raw snort of amusement that came bursting out through his nose entirely without his permission. â€Å"Oh, gods,† he said, choking on his laughter and shaking his head, â€Å"I suppose I do rather look like a grumkin. What does he do to snarks?† â€Å"You don't want to know.† Jon picked up the wineskin and handed it to Tyrion. Tyrion pulled out the stopper, tilted his head, and squeezed a long stream into his mouth. The wine was cool fire as it trickled down his throat and warmed his belly. He held out the skin to Jon Snow. â€Å"Want some?† The boy took the skin and tried a cautious swallow. â€Å"It's true, isn't it?† he said when he was done. â€Å"What you said about the Night's Watch.† Tyrion nodded. Jon Snow set his mouth in a grim line. â€Å"If that's what it is, that's what it is.† Tyrion grinned at him. â€Å"That's good, bastard. Most men would rather deny a hard truth than face it.† â€Å"Most men,† the boy said. â€Å"But not you.† â€Å"No,† Tyrion admitted, â€Å"not me. I seldom even dream of dragons anymore. There are no dragons.† He scooped up the fallen bearskin. â€Å"Come, we had better return to camp before your uncle calls the banners.† The walk was short, but the ground was rough underfoot and his legs were cramping badly by the time they got back. Jon Snow offered a hand to help him over a thick tangle of roots, but Tyrion shook him off. He would make his own way, as he had all his life. Still, the camp was a welcome sight. The shelters had been thrown up against the tumbledown wall of a long-abandoned holdfast, a shield against the wind. The horses had been fed and a fire had been laid. Yoren sat on a stone, skinning a squirrel. The savory smell of stew filled Tyrion's nostrils. He dragged himself over to where his man Morrec was tending the stewpot. Wordlessly, Morrec handed him the ladle. Tyrion tasted and handed it back. â€Å"More pepper,† he said. Benjen Stark emerged from the shelter he shared with his nephew. â€Å"There you are. Jon, damn it, don't go off like that by yourself. I thought the Others had gotten you.† â€Å"It was the grumkins,† Tyrion told him, laughing. Jon Snow smiled. Stark shot a baffled look at Yoren. The old man grunted, shrugged, and went back to his bloody work. The squirrel gave some body to the stew, and they ate it with black bread and hard cheese that night around their fire. Tyrion shared around his skin of wine until even Yoren grew mellow. One by one the company drifted off to their shelters and to sleep, all but Jon Snow, who had drawn the night's first watch. Tyrion was the last to retire, as always. As he stepped into the shelter his men had built for him, he paused and looked back at Jon Snow. The boy stood near the fire, his face still and hard, looking deep into the flames. Tyrion Lannister smiled sadly and went to bed.